Bitch shape attack
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Frankly, all life and life-adjacent things on this planet are either nanomachines or scalable nanomachines.
One might call those scaled up nanomachines "machines".
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I vaguely remember something about organelles inside a cell used to be seperate entities too
Mitochondria, for sure. They even still have their own DNA separate from your actual human DNA.
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I will forever choose to die on the hill that tumblr humor is not funny
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One might call those scaled up nanomachines "machines".
Never heard of it. Did you mean to say gigananomachines?
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In the same way that the mafia plays a crucial role in the Italian
mafiagovernment. They’re still a bunch of dicks, even if they’re working for us. Move ‘em 2 millimeters in the wrong direction and you’ll have a bad timeMove ‘em 2 millimeters in the wrong direction and you’ll have a bad time
Are you referring to getting, I dunno, yogurt in places outside the digestive tract?
My understanding was that gut bacteria play a pretty crucial (beneficial) role in overall health, not to mention the whole gut-brain stuff.
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I will forever choose to die on the hill that tumblr humor is not funny
then die
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Move ‘em 2 millimeters in the wrong direction and you’ll have a bad time
Are you referring to getting, I dunno, yogurt in places outside the digestive tract?
My understanding was that gut bacteria play a pretty crucial (beneficial) role in overall health, not to mention the whole gut-brain stuff.
Take some of those same bacteria and set them directly against the intestinal lining without any of the delicious mucus in the way and you’ll have a slightly unpleasant time. And I’m being literal. It’ll be aggravating, and deleterious to your long term health, but usually not immediately life threatening. They’re absolutely beneficial, but they’re in it for themselves. They’re not beneficent, they just are, which was all the point I intended to make.
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explain please
wrote on last edited by [email protected]Happily! Basically, the true placenta we mammals (Eutheria) have is what allows such a long gestation period. Unlike our closely related marsupials, that quickly deplete their resources and must give birth, our placenta allows for a continuous exchange of nutrients. This involves a quite complicated process of embryonic tissue invading the uterine wall, so you can imagine the kind of immunological regulation that must be taking place for that to work.
So you'd assume we have several genes highly specific to our placenta that appear when we Eutherians first appeared... right? No! Turns out the vast majority already existed in jawed vertebrates (our common ancestor with sharks), then quite a lot show up in bony fish (our common ancestor with most things you call fish), and just one shows up in Tetrapoda (our common ancestor with amphibians).
So most of the framework for developing an organ such as the placenta already existed for millions of years, so what exactly was missing before it could finally show up in evolutionary history? The two genes that are absolutely required for this whole crazy "let's invade the mother's uterine wall tissue but NOT trigger her immune system" part: CSF2 and a group of closely related genes called syncitins.
Syncitins are the star here, because they're actually a gene that came from ancient retroviruses. In the virus, they were expressed in the envelope and controlled the fusion between the viral particle and the host cell. These viruses got integrated into our genome, and this "fusion with the host cell" mechanism became extremely useful and crucial for the placenta, basically allowing it to exist.
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Happily! Basically, the true placenta we mammals (Eutheria) have is what allows such a long gestation period. Unlike our closely related marsupials, that quickly deplete their resources and must give birth, our placenta allows for a continuous exchange of nutrients. This involves a quite complicated process of embryonic tissue invading the uterine wall, so you can imagine the kind of immunological regulation that must be taking place for that to work.
So you'd assume we have several genes highly specific to our placenta that appear when we Eutherians first appeared... right? No! Turns out the vast majority already existed in jawed vertebrates (our common ancestor with sharks), then quite a lot show up in bony fish (our common ancestor with most things you call fish), and just one shows up in Tetrapoda (our common ancestor with amphibians).
So most of the framework for developing an organ such as the placenta already existed for millions of years, so what exactly was missing before it could finally show up in evolutionary history? The two genes that are absolutely required for this whole crazy "let's invade the mother's uterine wall tissue but NOT trigger her immune system" part: CSF2 and a group of closely related genes called syncitins.
Syncitins are the star here, because they're actually a gene that came from ancient retroviruses. In the virus, they were expressed in the envelope and controlled the fusion between the viral particle and the host cell. These viruses got integrated into our genome, and this "fusion with the host cell" mechanism became extremely useful and crucial for the placenta, basically allowing it to exist.
So, in other words, viruses did parts of the work of evolution by inventing the CSF2 and syncitin genes?
And that regulates the immune system to not respond to foreign tissue?
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I vaguely remember something about organelles inside a cell used to be seperate entities too
Yeah but they didn't use to be viruses, they used to be bacteria.
And they didn't integrate into human genome. They're just another foreign body that lives inside human cells, but they have their own genome still.
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Viruses are nanomachines.
Change my mind.
they're not so much machines and more blueprints that makes the machine that's already there do different stuff.
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In the same way that the mafia plays a crucial role in the Italian
mafiagovernment. They’re still a bunch of dicks, even if they’re working for us. Move ‘em 2 millimeters in the wrong direction and you’ll have a bad timeI'm actually interested, is this true?
When bacteria were first discovered, people found them in the gut and thought "oh, that's horrible. bacteria cause diseases, so we must get rid of them." it was only found out much later that bacteria in the gut can improve health on average.
the same is true for many other categories of living beings, such as insects (worms), fungi; and now my question is whether it could be the same for viruses?
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Who's going to tell them about prions?
wrote on last edited by [email protected]Fucking prions. When I first learned about them in high school they really made me freak out. They are like the new game+ final boss of things fucking with things. Like how can they even infect other things, fucking mangled and misfolded looking ass, fuck them!
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I'm actually interested, is this true?
When bacteria were first discovered, people found them in the gut and thought "oh, that's horrible. bacteria cause diseases, so we must get rid of them." it was only found out much later that bacteria in the gut can improve health on average.
the same is true for many other categories of living beings, such as insects (worms), fungi; and now my question is whether it could be the same for viruses?
wrote on last edited by [email protected]Some perform tasks, but they largely just take up space, and that’s a good thing. Your body’s full of materials that malignantly pathogenic bacteria would love to get their hands on. Bacteria that are largely incapable of doing anything to us take up space that would otherwise be occupied. You’d likely prefer an old squatter living in your walls, rather than a crackhead. You’d probably choose an electrician, but that’s life. Better they’re largely benign than overtly and desperately malicious.
You factually do have a viral balance in your internal ecosystem. Bacteriophages cull populations, and some viruses hyper-specialize in attacking cancer. There are more examples, but I can’t immediately recall
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Happily! Basically, the true placenta we mammals (Eutheria) have is what allows such a long gestation period. Unlike our closely related marsupials, that quickly deplete their resources and must give birth, our placenta allows for a continuous exchange of nutrients. This involves a quite complicated process of embryonic tissue invading the uterine wall, so you can imagine the kind of immunological regulation that must be taking place for that to work.
So you'd assume we have several genes highly specific to our placenta that appear when we Eutherians first appeared... right? No! Turns out the vast majority already existed in jawed vertebrates (our common ancestor with sharks), then quite a lot show up in bony fish (our common ancestor with most things you call fish), and just one shows up in Tetrapoda (our common ancestor with amphibians).
So most of the framework for developing an organ such as the placenta already existed for millions of years, so what exactly was missing before it could finally show up in evolutionary history? The two genes that are absolutely required for this whole crazy "let's invade the mother's uterine wall tissue but NOT trigger her immune system" part: CSF2 and a group of closely related genes called syncitins.
Syncitins are the star here, because they're actually a gene that came from ancient retroviruses. In the virus, they were expressed in the envelope and controlled the fusion between the viral particle and the host cell. These viruses got integrated into our genome, and this "fusion with the host cell" mechanism became extremely useful and crucial for the placenta, basically allowing it to exist.
Thanks for talking about that, that's really cool!
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So, in other words, viruses did parts of the work of evolution by inventing the CSF2 and syncitin genes?
And that regulates the immune system to not respond to foreign tissue?
Basically, yes. Viruses came up with the syncitins to fuse with host cells, then when they infected us and integrated their genome we had the code for making these proteins... and turns out "invading tissue" was a really useful tool for the embryo.
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Some perform tasks, but they largely just take up space, and that’s a good thing. Your body’s full of materials that malignantly pathogenic bacteria would love to get their hands on. Bacteria that are largely incapable of doing anything to us take up space that would otherwise be occupied. You’d likely prefer an old squatter living in your walls, rather than a crackhead. You’d probably choose an electrician, but that’s life. Better they’re largely benign than overtly and desperately malicious.
You factually do have a viral balance in your internal ecosystem. Bacteriophages cull populations, and some viruses hyper-specialize in attacking cancer. There are more examples, but I can’t immediately recall
thank you, that makes sense to me.
i'm interested in actually understanding what functions what elements of the gut microbiome perform. but i guess that's a highly complicated topic, so i expect no quick answers
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Happily! Basically, the true placenta we mammals (Eutheria) have is what allows such a long gestation period. Unlike our closely related marsupials, that quickly deplete their resources and must give birth, our placenta allows for a continuous exchange of nutrients. This involves a quite complicated process of embryonic tissue invading the uterine wall, so you can imagine the kind of immunological regulation that must be taking place for that to work.
So you'd assume we have several genes highly specific to our placenta that appear when we Eutherians first appeared... right? No! Turns out the vast majority already existed in jawed vertebrates (our common ancestor with sharks), then quite a lot show up in bony fish (our common ancestor with most things you call fish), and just one shows up in Tetrapoda (our common ancestor with amphibians).
So most of the framework for developing an organ such as the placenta already existed for millions of years, so what exactly was missing before it could finally show up in evolutionary history? The two genes that are absolutely required for this whole crazy "let's invade the mother's uterine wall tissue but NOT trigger her immune system" part: CSF2 and a group of closely related genes called syncitins.
Syncitins are the star here, because they're actually a gene that came from ancient retroviruses. In the virus, they were expressed in the envelope and controlled the fusion between the viral particle and the host cell. These viruses got integrated into our genome, and this "fusion with the host cell" mechanism became extremely useful and crucial for the placenta, basically allowing it to exist.
That is nuts and a really good explaination, thank you!
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Basically, yes. Viruses came up with the syncitins to fuse with host cells, then when they infected us and integrated their genome we had the code for making these proteins... and turns out "invading tissue" was a really useful tool for the embryo.
i am wondering (in case you know), what activates these genes?
i.e., i'd like to understand how gene regulation works in general. what causes genes to become active all of a sudden?
i.e., why does the genes allow embryos to live inside the mother, but not allow other intruders to live inside the human?
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Who's going to tell them about prions?
They're like an origami figure folded wrongly that causes any properly folded origami figures to become misfolded when it comes in contact with them.
